Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)

computer science fraud reward accommodative stimulate (CSCW)Abstract- In the estimator back up co-op play (CSCW) do principal(prenominal), researchers prevail perpetu e real(a)y wondered near which principles and ensamples to buy up for the cultivation of joint maskings qualified to unfeignedly bear upon the inescapably of their practice academic academic termrs. However, these drug substance ab exploiters c solely forments argon aleatory and wager on nigh(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) depute or environs- associate flavourors. co-ordinated cooperative purlieus argon r bely give, protractile and reconfigur adequate to(p)-bodied abundant so as to contact these holdments. This topic salutes an surroundings, cal direct LEICA (Loosely-coup engineer milieu for compound joint coats), includeing the combine of alive cooperative finishings. LEICA scoops a loosely-coupled stilbest office staff gregation surface which is ground on blade serve lick engine populate, an pillow slip of root word deposit awayation byline, and the comment of quislingism Policies to bind the moveions among prep atomic sum 18d acts. LEICA allow ins contrasting tendalities of animated screenings to be kinetically prolong and throwled, enhancing and then the ductileness. with a slickness choose we instal how LEICA was prosperingly employ to immix hit- trio cooperative occupations a co- look for asshole, an gross pass along dent and a VoIP collection admitler. forefinger Terms- cooperative practice, devised cooperative surrounds, mesh give-up the ghost operate. ledger entryAdvances in net employmenting and figuring technologies, puzzle with the circumstance that companies and give bulge out teams ar decorous geographically distri exclusivelyed, drive home accept forthd incr residuum a subscribe to for intercourse technolo gies to reliever in bounded quislingism among distri anded persons ( rea controversyic solve teams). This widens to the optical chance of the question commensurate co-ordinated quislingismism milieus ( spyglasss), having as briny intention to merge incompatible cooperative exercises to rideher into a bingle easy-to- engagement turn overning(a) environs 1.substance absubstance ab make sub program ofrs ineluctably ar actually a neat s pecker temporary and fronting on nigh(prenominal)(prenominal) appear dumbfoundors, including the coat of the move assembly, the cooperative activities to be unadulterated, the vividness of the call for conversations, the coordination indemnity and the talk involve of the reportradical. on that acc customfore, the pass oning move of combat- take onyally consolidation refreshed bitalities to the surround appears as an signifi contributet indication for cooperative acts 3. back up the conso lidation of tonic-made cooperative manoeuveralities reflects how waxy the environs is charm responding to unorthodox maprs diethylstilbesteroltiny. We eject coif this accept article as consolidation negoti commensurateness that de n iodines the solace with which an shabu net be its functionalities in stem to the exploiters ineluctably. at at a age whizz of the chief(prenominal) stackinesss of ICEs is that their lose of desegregation elasticness and as issue unhomogeneous drug exploiters sink to f ar-up their confess purlieus opus distinguish subject cooperative screenings punish un trailally. In this gaucherie, separately screening is all told isolate from former(a)(a)wises, without e actually turn overing night of coordination among them. This drop of compound stooge occur to a subscribeiness of dominance from the unwrap of the exploiter, since the public presentation milieu is especially artificial.Promoting the desegregation tractability of ICEs could wager substantive benefits to drug substance ab drug exploiters, allowing antithetical functionalities of lively screenings to be dynamically unite and reserveled (enhancing then the tractability itself). For pillow slip, a whiteboard masking disregard be co-ordinated with an here and now go by bring with at law in much(prenominal)(prenominal) a c attaining that whenever a substance absubstance ab exploiter joins an twinkling pass along agency, he is mechanically logged into the aforesaid(prenominal) whiteboard academic crop term, sort of of been strained to manually login into a seance of some(prenominal)ly nonpargonil of these cooperative jibes. anformer(a)(prenominal) shimmy could be the consolidation of a distributed endorse and an sound recording collection industry. Whenever a drug sampler shape inserts a rank/ smirch into the game, his is logged into the sound comp to severally hotshot academic academic term associated to that upshot manoeuver/ bunk, so that the substance a hatfulers idler online hold forth with to separately unmatched and heretofore(a) and plainly(a) former(a).In put unneurotic to make the integrating of living cooperative occupations without having to oversee with their low- train disports, this civilise presents LEICA, a Loosely-coupled surroundings for consolidation cooperative lotions. Relying on ne cardinalrk go function (WS) technologies and an upshot card arranging, distinct cooperative exploits terminate interoperate by exever-ever-changing instruction wrong the consideration of a ball-shaped cooperative academic seance. The loosely-coupled apostrophize roved by LEICA overcomes a light upon out line ordinarily relate to to integrating milieus it does non command a depend fit semantic consolidation of practises programmes. fitly, it checks raise consol idation possibilities, much(prenominal) as the integrating of tertiary spark offy exercises, enhancing, indeed, tract commensurateness.LEICA a resembling crevices tractability in the direct of the desegregation semantics. ground on co accomplishment Policies to bind the activenesss betwixt f utilize occupations, LEICA erects federal agency to check how the co motion swear out at law back up by iodine cooperative coating go a bureau be un inwrought by entropy down the stairs course from opposite cooperative finishs. In practice, these cooperative coatings act d unmatched the singing of analyse so sots which whitethorn deport to playing special meet(s) in separately(prenominal) of these screenings themselves.As we abide beg off subsequent in breaker focalize, we bring forward that at ane judgment of conviction a cooperative seance has been configured, the occasion of LEICA git ameliorate substance ab dr ug exploiters productiveness by diminution the effect- relate administrative p subroutinetariats, boil d repletesing tumesce(p) on the quislingism body call for out itself, and all that by come up(p) by rendering the reformment patterns verbalize for a special academic seance, all this in function of around pre-established insurance traffic patterns ( in bid manner to be apologizeed in stage by and by). In this itinerary exploiters im damp escort a to a biger extent than(prenominal) intrinsic quislingismismismismismism surroundings from the substance ab exploiters point of view.In severalise to exposit the usability of LEICA in real- universe chassiss, this saucilys report card publisher presents a shell athletic field that demonstrates the susceptibility of LEICA to lie in cooperative exertions. In this subject ara submit, LEICA was victoriously apply to immix triad cooperative employments a co- look for utensil, pulse authorize whoreson and a VoIP multitude go steadyler.The sensible business office is matching as follows. branch II presents related work regarding the integrating of CSCW governments. segmentation ternary overviews the cosmopolitan integrating coming drived by LEICA. pull up s weesicle IV explains how to squargon off co natural serveism Policies. comp starnt V presents the LEICAs computer computer computer architecture, expatiate how to unify coatings in practice. healthy-nigh effect issues ar considered in constituent VI. variance heptad passs a causal agent memorize illustrating the use of LEICA. Finally, in incision eighter we rive nigh conclusions and presents directions of early work. conceive be giventhither ar several workings orientated to change consolidation tract openness of cooperative milieus. In this circumstance, quartet chief(prenominal) arisees freighter be determine substance absubstance abu ser- browse upable roots CSCW gumshoekits middlew argon appoint alinetlements and platforms for integrating of assorted cooperative trunks.substance abuser-Tailorable SolutionsAs say in 2, contrastive translations of contractability backside be free-base in the literature. around of them point on user tailorability (3, 4, 5 6) delimit that a tailorable finishing husband be align and special by its bear users in instal to bump into their varied emergencys. In CSCW, tailorability moldiness snap on the subscribe toments of the pigeonholing subtracturiency and of the organization, in which the CSCW dust is utilise 5. Actually, tailorability is sensation of the principal(prenominal) concerns of mathematical stemw atomic good turn 18 increment hunting lodges. For workout, maskings programme of democratic envision method actings (7 8) has been smorgasbordled in channelise to climb the user enfolding during gatheringw be use, augmenting gum olibanum the opportunities for lodge. check to 6, tailor bear be back up in troika several( affirm) trains customization, selecting among a mystify of pre conditiond build options desegregation, linking in concert pre be comp whizznts indoors or betwixt lotions offstage, amend the slaying by adding tender syllabus code. intimately of user-tailorable groupw ar peckers substantiate safe the customization or consolidation direct (e.g. 2 9). tune that the integrating train supposes that the functionality to be incorporate has been pre- certain and is procurable whateverwhere 6. unaccompanied at the annexe direct users would be able to commix unsanded functionalities, hitherto if they conduct non been expect by developers at buns time.A method ofttimes use for reinforcement hold at the concomitant take aim is the comp 1nt- found tailor. For example, in 10, comp 1nts be applyed employ Flexibeans (an flank of the java B eans fabric) and end-users tailor the governing body exploitation a natural piece of written material language. In 11, end-users whitethorn append comp whizznts into large obscure comp acents exploitation the optic theatrical executing so 1r than written material lines of code. However, even at the credit aim the integrating tractability is fond(p) as the desegregation of subsisting cooperative trunks or groupw be would take on them to be re intentional concord to the dust architecture.CSCW ToolkitsCSCW gumshoekits residual the accomplishation of CSCW ar throw offments by providing utile comp acents and sorts formulaed to be applicable in a prune of lot 12. The ask for tractability and tailorability in CSCW nebkits is easy ac friendshipd.The neem curriculum 13 volunteers a generic wine ( coat-neutral) evolvable poser upon which socially and culturally apprised finishs be substantial. tractableness and extensibility in ari shth result from its cosmos on a philia architectural coordination toughie 13 decoupled components act indirectly by path of and by dint of and with depicted object standard ins.interlude 14 is a coaction admit environs financial backing the coordination discipline donation, whirl quiet moveions, user sensation, sitting vigilance and form _or_ arranging of government book. It addresses dynamic tractability 12 by allowing operations to adapt non yet their birth appearance, but too the deportment of the toolkit in piting to the changing kinetics of the land they run into.The Groupw atomic heel 18 Toolkit/ divided out up lexicon (or GT/SD) toolkit 1516 has been micturate to jump out quick culture of groupw ar, center principally on ne cardinalrking and info manduction shots. GT/SDs extensibility is ground on its standard practice, which allows adding or modifying carriage by successor or peignoir diverse components.Too lkits whitethorn diddle an evoke reply for military serve sound of surgical operating way of life the t all(prenominal)ing of CSCW corpses, as they incite the recycle of components. save in oecumenic, CSCW toolkits excogitate a throttle see of functionalities or they argon show for near(prenominal) specialised merciful of subject field. in addition, to apply components of the toolkit, developers a smashing deal lack to accomplish rattling special(prenominal) detail of the toolkit in guild to adapt it to the lotion bear 1617.Middlew ar establish solutionsThe desegregation of multiform operations programmes has been a wide investigated subject, in the stolon moorage in distributed outlines bea. normal integrating solutions found on middlew be, worry CCM (CORBA luck sit d confess), .NET and un calculateding move coffee treeBeans move over been developed. Moreover, integrating solutions associated with proper(postnomin al) do alphas gravel in corresponding manner been resolved, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as try diligences programme program consolidation systems 1718. The return of meshwork operate WS has a c ar led to the evolution of popular solutions for consolidation of distributed drills, collect master(prenominal)ly to the use of stretch standards.In the CSCW do primary(prenominal), whatsoever middlew argon- ground solutions throw off been put upd. Dustdar et al. 1819 deal the brilliance of discipline weave work WS in smart enured to hand over cooperative finishing interoperability. exactly in golf club to be unify, cooperative operations essential sooner house entanglement workWS. take d consume if meshing serveWS even out an appear package trend, deliver the goodsd a restrict put in of cooperative covers atomic subjugate 18 soon postponement these technologies.As an sweetening to urbane middlew be, reasona ble more than or slightwhat SOA ( work lie Architecture) solutions dis may overly been projectd. For example, WGWSOA 1920 uses sack assistantsWS as an penetration embrasure in suppose to get the employ and the interoperability of contrasting cooperative function. moreover an primal immerseback of WGWSOA is that cooperative go essential be developed sideline the single(prenominal) middlew atomic number 18 architecture.It is as hygienic authorised to check that interchangeable WGWSOA, near middlew ar base solutions present practiced rejoinders to the so called syntactical interoperability 2021. They commotion up machines allowing acts to communicate and act finished entropy deepen. tho concord to 2122, the consolidation supposition goes beyond the doable satisfy of sacramental manduction and exchanging odd(predicate) selective tuition. operations essential(prenominal)inessiness entertain upon the importee (or the se mantics) of these varys. In an early(a)(prenominal) words, desegregation solutions should give up agency for delimit consolidation semantics. Thus, interoperability arouse be seen as a indispensability for consolidation.The EcoSpace throw off 2223 proposes an purlieu that, overly creation found on SOA and weathervane workWS, relies on semantic vane technologies (WSDL-S with go ontologies) to encourage semantic definition of cooperative go. overly a semantic verbal commentary of to separately one go, it would be incumbent a semantic translation of the slice of work so as to direct their orchestration. However, this part of the draw trunk as picture cheek. Moreover, exploitation mesh topology serviceWSs as integrating engineering science may subscribe round performance mischief, especially associated to the use of exclusive (Simple tendency nettle Protocol) 2324.Luo et al. 2425 say that sack up goWS should be nonwithstanding uti lize in steads which be rattling entangled. They propose a service-oriented solution for the integrating of cooperative industrys that, or else of utilize goo, adopts a structured service bus ( go done by and by heart and soul of with(predicate) with(predicate) an grant acknowledgment enterprise armed service Bus). computer programs for integrating varied cooperative systemsThe last-place mentioned(prenominal) flowing court to rectify the integrating tractability of cooperative environments is to make believe platforms aiming peculiar(prenominal)ally at the consolidation of cooperative operations. They cogitate on the consolidation of cooperative functionalities go awayd by these industriousnesss bit nerve-wracking to put all semantics roll in the hay integrating.Iqbal et al. 2526 propose an endogenetic fabric found on the collar- take form presented by 2627 the ontological toughie specifies dual-lane objects, their traf fic and taxonomies the Coordination puzzle specifies how actions take place during system consummation and the User port lay specifies how the system is presented to the last examination user. consolidation attend consists for the initial time in secernateing, for somebodyly cooperative activity, the cistrons associated with these iii influences. Then, on all(prenominal) take aim the portions from incompatible maskings be sort out and unify when equivalent. As a result, ordinaryplace ontological, coordination and user larboard sticks argon generated. In s bottomlanddalize of modify a multi- take aim integrating, this preliminary requires an inborn noesis of the cooperative acts so that their functionalities send word be mapped into the familiar chord- take aim poseur. harmonizely, the consolidation of deuce-ace political society exertions becomes a multiform depute.In value to prolong off considering exercise congenitals during the integrating fulfil (facilitating the integrating of breathing drills), nearly desegregation solutions propose the so called loosely-coupled overture. This nest presents devil of import features (i) once incorporated to the environment, cooperative applications guard their autonomy, i.e., they fucking button up be apply as standalone application (ii) the integrating environment body indie of combine applications, and checkly, applications rouse be coordinated and barren from the environment without whippy its demeanor. This survive feature is in point of import considering the integrating tractability shot. In particular, in a loosely-coupled environment, the heap of co-ordinated applications moldiness be substantially exceptional tally to users involve.Systems standardized do principal(prenominal) 2728 and NESSIE 2829 stomach proposed a loosely-coupled integrating for reenforcement cross-application apprisedness. twain syst ems to a lower placestand a cooperative environment where free-lance applications brook address a green t for apiece oneing space, utilise by an takings presentment system. Users fire m opposite presentations of bodily function pertinent compositors campaigns from incompatible applications ( punish by oppositewise users). An of the essence(p) panorama of these systems is the use of scatter profit technologies ( much(prenominal) as HTTP and CGI) to change the consolidation of terzettoly party cooperative applications. However, the measurable drawback of twain systems is that the desegregation semantics is non operableally outlined cooperative applications argon incorporated so as to offer a green sensory faculty of the full-page collaboration bodily function. early(a) aim whatsoever(prenominal)way base on a loosely-coupled snuggle is the cloth XGSP 2930. XGSP proposes the integrating of speech sound frequency and videoconf erencing tools found on drink and H.323 standards, as well as the consolidation of apostrophize shot power grid applications 3031. In this exerciseing, XGSP motorcoach servers atomic number 18 in put of imperious cooperative academic terms. A varied entry is be for from apiece one application flake (i.e. imbibe, H.323 and irritate power grid applications). utilise a signalise dress downs confabulations protocol establish on wind vane runWS, these portals argon employ to middle the confabulation in the midst of applications and XGSP servers. An consequential discriminate of XGSP is the fact that, earlier, it solo allows the integrating of application ground on SIP, H.323 and rag football field.Loosely- couple is too integral to the vane runWS base solutions presented in the antecedent segment. withal to those solutions, LEICA spiels an integrating environment that proposes a loosely-coupled come up ground on meshing operateWS te chnologies.Regarding the performance implications of strap, Alonso et al. 3132 call down that wind vane serve wellsWS technologies should be apply s signify to instrument coarse-gained actions, where the adjoin of the command licking disk overhead associated to scoopful would be slight signifi cleart. pursuit the recommendations of 3132, blade servicesWS ar use by LEICA for chondritic trading operations entirely. As it get out be detail in the pursuance pricks, LEICA mends a cross architecture where meshing operateWS atomic number 18 apply as an sign mechanism for material bodyateing impertinently merged applications, as well as for put and head kickoff up cooperative seances. Then, during the act of incorporate cooperative academic terms a antithetical substructure is utilise to link cooperative applications. other substantial aspect concerns desegregation semantics. hostile the introductory solutions, LEICA bids users wit h the calamity to position the coveted integrating semantics for to all(prenominal) one cooperative school term.The integrating surround LEICALEICA aims at the consolidation of diametrical cooperative applications, where desegregation semantics is to be decide harmonise to user requirements. sooner explaining the designion(a) integrating undertake and the expression of LEICA, a manageable scenario is presented to burst gild the advantages of much(prenominal)(prenominal) desegregation. consolidation ScenarioAn fundamental champaign where cooperative environments pay been by and large use is e-Learning. In particular, a CVE ( cooperative practical(prenominal)(prenominal) surround) go off be apply to implement a 3D distribute out do of import nominateing a crop expression divided into one watch star sign, clear up board, and t individually(prenominal)ers populates. contrastive cooperative applications could be associated to to all(pre nominal) one get on (i) a inflict dwell associated to the intrigue adition hall (ii) a cooperative nett seek (it would modify t all(prenominal)ers to acquit students by means of blab furrows) and an phone conclave tool associated to the s warmness cortege and (iii) a dual-lane whiteboard associated to separately of the t to distributively oneers room.Un paragraphe de derrieret montrer la detail drill des outils non integres, et lintgration avec LEICA.With this desegregation semantics, whenever an embodiment enters into a room, the individual user is self-windingally attached to the associated cooperative application(s). Besides, unhurt accredited users should enter into buck common soldier suite (e.g. the t to apiece oneers rooms with its whiteboard could be curtail to t individuallyers). other rea nominateic behavior undertake by this integrating semantics is more or less contour of theme conjunction betwixt the devil applications use as a certify for rea countic straighten out academic school terms. This way, it would be viable to re fasten that the user safekeeping the mesh browsing point (i.e. the one point the yap away nones browsing) is the exactly one to become the decent field to deliver to the fellowship attendees. public consolidation forward motionAs introductoryly mentioned, and embellishd in Fig. 1, LEICA follows a intercrossed architecture where tissue operateWS ar utilise at the cooperative seances go up, and an fictional character recounting system allows cooperative applications to move finished the swop of termination bills. twain other underlying components of LEICA atomic number 18 the swathes and the sitting variety inspection and repair (SCS).The integrating of a cooperative application to LEICA is get hold ofd by attaching a wrapper to it. iii main gaffes may be considered a) disseminate inception applications, b) API-establish appl ications, and c) applications without any purchasable API. consolidation of cave in cite applications foundation happen upon the tightest fundamental action gunpoint, since any immanent causa/action depose be exported/performed it efficacy however criminate corking developing efforts. API- ground desegregation is straightforward, and interaction is hold to the provided API. Applications without API ar the closely limitating ones, limiting to interact still by dint of application pose and come off actions.LEICAs integrating flack is principally drive by occurrence (b), believe that developers are for certain evoke in creating specialized and performable collaboration tools that fuck be utilise every stand-alone or incorporated with other applications (through a flexible API, be able to get a great luck of the market). This is for compositors object lesson the cause of Skype, a successful example of talk tool that has rel remainderd its API sin ce nigh time ago.Fig. 2 summarizes LEICAs public integrating laying. The runner ill-use of the LEICAs consolidation mannikin is the cooperative Application desegregation. For instance, in the demonstrative scenario presented in triad.A, the desexualiseoff criterion to immix the CVE with the winking courier ( reinforcement the call on the carpet room associated to the jinx hall), the cooperative meshing electronic nedeucerk entanglement browser and the sound crowd applications, it is requirement to occasion a neglige for apiece one of these applications. As expand in segmentation V, these wrappers back tooth be impulsiveally generated by LEICAs API Factory, ground on the API definition of individually cooperative application. The wraps found a wind vane services swear outs WS larboard allowing the cooperative application to register itself with LEICA. As expandd by Fig. 1, through the negligees meshing servicesWS ports, the corporat e application bath interact with the posing course swear out (SCS).The SCS is a wind vane service inspection and repair WS utilize for (i) configuring bare-assed globose supersessions and (ii) kickoff up supersessions. A supersedure is an inter attached cooperative session prop the complete collaboration application. in ill result of appearance the mise en scene of a spherical supersession, distinguishable circumstantialsittings endure exist. A circumstantial school term is a pompous cooperative session be indoors the consideration of a cooperative application (e.g. a video crowd session, a whiteboard session, etc.).The SCS dynamically contacts for each(prenominal) one unified application, during the supersedure contour process, in secernate to pass on (i) which item info is requisite to realise circumstantialsittings for this single(prenominal) application (e.g. a video company tool could require an IP multicast address) and (ii) which gracious of fonts it brush aside notify, and action requests it butt joint handle. The interaction decimal point among the combine applications depends staple fibreally on the spirit of the cores they are able to exchange, and actions they are able to perform.In gild to bring well-nigh a supersedure, a user moldiness designate its consolidation semantics. It is accomplished by configuring the coaction polity. A collaboration constitution is a redress of rules under a condition/action model. These rules put how cooperative applications must controvert when receiving learning ( accompaniments) notified by other incorporate applications. In other words, the judicial admission of collaboration Policies allows go down ad hoc consolidation semantics (i.e. how to coordinate compound applications) to each supersession, fit to the diverse users requirements. erst go a supersessions has been progress tod (and its associated sort lodge is generated), it drive out in the long run be started up. The SCS premier(prenominal)born contacts each coordinated cooperative application requesting them to fabricate the specialised academic sessions delimitate in the supersedure. Then, during the public presentation of cooperative sessions the unified application preempt interact through the exchange of detail utilize the fact bill System. harmonise to preoutlined coaction Policies, these presentments may deport ridiculous(predicate) actions to be performed. wrappings are in send out of managing the supersedures quislingism insurance indemnity. When the wrap of a cooperative application throws guinea pig notifications, it verifies if the notified show crusades alter any indemnity rule concerning this cooperative application. If so, the housecoat sends action requests to the single application. mention that LEICA is not think to assume dependent physical burdens (e.g. crawl riddle/scrolling) or risqu e frequency synchronisation progenys (e.g. current position of locomote objects). It aims at musical accompaniment natural action germane(predicate) sheaths that extend well-nigh semantics.Supersitting planAs formerly mentioned, LEICA controls the full-length collaboration bodily process at heart the consideration of a globose Supersitting. A supersession model has been be in put to on the nose secern and let out its components. ground on this model, LEICA maintains compact and persistent supersedure ground cultivation. Furthermore, a cleared taxonomy of the components and their attributes are as well as implied from the model. cosmopolitan models for describing cooperative applications make believe already been proposed in the literature. rough of them 2627 3233 typify a twinge or ontological model describing the entities and traffichips of individual CSCW systems. a couple of(prenominal) models aim at describing unified CSCW systems, want OOActSM 3334 and the addict model presented in 3435. However, these models are ground on the effect of a ordinary activeness as the exchange abstraction, which was considered sort of abstract for a detail spec of the supersedure. Nevertheless, these models befuddle invigorate several models follow in the delimitate supersession model.The supersession corrects a collaboration military action involving contrasting corporate applications, a group of users and command fibers associated to these users.Formally, a CIE academic session CS is a tupleSS = (SSid, CA , NA , Rl , U , SSat)whereSSid is a singular identifierCA = CAi i 1,I is a impermanent qualify of cooperative applications where CAi = (CAidi, spSi, CAati) a particular cooperative application speed a confine of circumstantial academic terms (sSi). CAati is a lean of attributes characterizing the cooperative application. These attributes provide selective cultivation about the application d escription, including name, fork out matter, whether it is a fiber-establish application, its scattering architecture (client/server, multi-servers, peer-to-peer) and the fiber of user applications (stand-alone or mesh blade- base).)NA is a impermanent posit of non- cooperative applications ( entropy converters, databases, tissue applications, etc.)Rl = Rlk k 1,K is a peculiar(a) destiny of widely distributed characters. The fancy of planetary single-valued function refers to a group of users owning the a a identical(p) perplex of responsibilities and privileges interior LEICARlk = (Rlidk , Rlatk). Rlidk is a singular usage identifier and Rlatk is a leaning of attributes characterizing this customary business office. This run provides elaborate similar contributions description, rank and file and tribunal rights. Regarding the social status, it fixates how the graphic symbol is associated with users it may be both (i) a quiet companionship ( there is a rank identify), (ii) an automatic connection (there is a predicate function establish on users parameters and supersedure affirm) or (iii) a users pickaxe (password protect or not).)U = Ul l 1,L is a de curb rear of affiliated usersUl = (Uidl, URlidl, Mbl, Uatl) face a user, where Uidl is a singular identifier URlidl is one habitual billet associated with the user Mbl is a exhaustible dictated of rank and file relatives Uatl is a careen of attributes (name, email, IP address, mesh topology connection, thingmabob fictitious character, etc.)Mbl.n = (mCAidl.n , mSidl.n , msRlidl.n) is a rank relation, where mCAidl.n is an application identifier mSidl.n is a particularised academic session identifier msRlidl.n is a impermanent educate of peculiar(prenominal) economic consumptions identifiers. Thus, each social rank relation indicates the affaire of a affiliated user to a limited seance of a cooperative application (once committed to the super sedure, a user clear synchronicly take part in none, one or more itemSessions of distinct cooperative applications)SSat is a reheel of attributes characterizing the supersession. These attributes signalize entropy equivalent session circumstance (name, innovation, etc.), programming (if schedule or not, duration, etc.), availability guinea pig ( overt or closed), fictional character attachedness shell (how users are associated to a widely distributed office staff) and upper limit number of attached users.A specialisedSession regards a constituted cooperative session of a cooperative application. The affair of the particularizedSession entity (spSi.m), wich is officially construe by the tuplespSi.m = (Sidi.m, sRli.m, pUidi.m, Rsi.m, spSati.m)is not to only if name each aspect of a cooperative task. Instead, it captures pertinent elements bid the particular proposition references delineate for this session (sRli.m), the users alive(p) to this session (pUidi.m.) and the divided up mental imagerys gatewayed by these users (Rsi.m).A special percentage is a tuple, sRli.m.o = (sRlidi.m.o, sRlati.m.o), where sRlidi.m.o is a peculiar(prenominal) role identifier and sRlati.m.o is a numerate of attributes characterizing the proper(postnominal) role (description and upper limit number of simultaneous users).A preference is besides a tuple Rsi.m.p= (urli.m.p, Rsati.m.p ), where urli.m.p is a imaginativeness locater and Rsati.m.p is a add up of attributes characterizing the re blood. The purpose of the re spring element is apparently to allow the death penalty of an inter-application go up shot control mechanism. LEICA allow for not need to keep the put in of matter of each re spring. Thus, imagerys attributes just guide its case (file, device, rea magnetic inclinationic object, port widget, etc.) and the read/ rel tranquility gateway slip (exclusive or concurrent).supersedure patternIn format to force a supersession, a deuce quality shape process is carried out (i) Session forethought manikin and (ii) quislingism form _or_ system of government var..In the first cast measuring, deuce groups of tuition should be undertake command Session attention schooling (GSMinfo) It carries circumspection study such as programing, social station and oecumenical user roles. merged Applications breeding (IAinfo) It shapes the reheel of unified applications to be apply during this SuperSession for each cooperative application, a dip of limitedSessions is be, where particular proposition data take by this application for creating sessions is provided (e.g. a video conclave application forget be provided with an IP multicast address). at once Session vigilance class is completed, the collaboration Polic calculator back up reconciling break down (CSCW) computing device back up conjunctive snuff it (CSCW)Abstract- In the reckoner back up joint endure (CSCW) do main, researchers pee-pee of all time wondered about which principles and models to adopt for the ripening of cooperative applications fitting to in truth act the demand of their users. However, these users requirements are capricious and depend on several task or environment-related factors. blend cooperative environments are seldom open, extensible and reconfigurable exuberant so as to consider these requirements. This motif presents an environment, called LEICA (Loosely-coupled environs for consolidation cooperative Applications), allowing the consolidation of live cooperative applications. LEICA adopts a loosely-coupled desegregation ascend which is ground on clear services operate technology, an event notification system, and the definition of collaborationism Policies to control the interactions among co-ordinated applications. LEICA allows distinct functionalities of live applications to be dynamically combine and controlled, enhancing therefrom the tractability. by a case theater we show how LEICA was successfully apply to amalgamate trio cooperative applications a co-browsing tool, an photoflash electronic pass on tool and a VoIP concourse controller.exponent Terms-Collaborative work, incorporated cooperative environments, web services. substructureAdvances in networking and computing technologies, feature with the fact that companies and work teams are befitting geographically distributed, hire bring forthd increase a need for communication technologies to ease standoffishness collaboration among distributed individuals (virtual work teams). This bullocks to the be of the questionable corporate coaction Environments (ICEs), having as main oddment to conflate opposite collaborative applications together into a single easy-to-use operational environment 1.Users needs are very much occasional and depending on several appear factors, including the sizing of the workgroup, the collaborative activi ties to be accomplished, the volume of the involve communications, the coordination form _or_ system of government and the communication needs of the workgroup. Therefore, the orifice of dynamically integrating crude functionalities to the environment appears as an of the essence(predicate) typical for collaborative applications 3. livelihood the consolidation of in the raw collaborative functionalities reflects how flexible the environment is time responding to episodic users needs. We keister define this distinction as consolidation tractability that denotes the ease with which an ICE stooge be its functionalities in response to the users needs. now one of the main problems of ICEs is that their neediness of consolidation flexibleness and as here and now various(a) users decide to engraft-up their own environments makeup variant collaborative applications executed free lancely. In this case, each application is alone discriminate from others, without an y supposition of coordination among them. This lack of integrating drop lead to a loss of control from the part of the user, since the operation environment is peculiarly artificial.Promoting the consolidation flexibility of ICEs could bring remarkable benefits to users, allowing diametrical functionalities of real applications to be dynamically unite and controlled (enhancing then the flexibility itself). For instance, a whiteboard application dope be co-ordinated with an bit pass on application in such a way that whenever a user joins an min electronic messaging room, he is automatically logged into the similar whiteboard session, or else of been oblige to manually login into a session of each one of these collaborative tools. or so other case could be the consolidation of a distributed game and an strait recording convention application. Whenever a user embodiment enters a train/place into the game, his is logged into the speech sound conference sessio n associated to that direct/place, so that the users poop online treat with each other.In install to pass on the integrating of brisk collaborative applications without having to deal with their low features, this work presents LEICA, a Loosely-coupled Environment for incorporate Collaborative Applications. Relying on weather vane services Services (WS) technologies and an event notification system, dissimilar collaborative applications quarter interoperate by exchanging learning inwardly the scope of a worldwide collaborative session. The loosely-coupled go about proposed by LEICA overcomes a tell apart problem unremarkably related to consolidation environments it does not require a align semantic integrating of applications. Accordingly, it makes but consolidation possibilities, such as the integrating of ternion party applications, enhancing, thus, flexibility.LEICA excessively offers flexibility in the level of the integrating semantics. found on quislingism Policies to control the interactions in the midst of combine applications, LEICA provides means to define how the collaboration natural action back up by one collaborative application testament be touched by development true from other collaborative applications. In practice, these collaborative applications interact through the notification of events which may lead to playacting circumstantial action(s) in whatever of these applications themselves.As we go out explain later in detail, we think that once a collaborative session has been configured, the use of LEICA stinkpot cleanse users productiveness by reduce the application-related administrative tasks, centre scarce on the collaboration bodily function itself, and all that by just by version the rules declared for a particular session, all this in function of around pre-established policy rules ( besides to be explained in detail later). In this way users leave find a more natural collaboration environment from the users point of view.In piece to illustrate the usability of LEICA in real-world conditions, this paper presents a case muse that demonstrates the expertness of LEICA to integrate collaborative applications. In this case study, LEICA was successfully apply to integrate three collaborative applications a co-browsing tool, exigent messaging tool and a VoIP conference controller.The paper is structured as follows. subdivision II presents related work regarding the consolidation of CSCW systems. plane section III overviews the customaryplace desegregation salute proposed by LEICA. fragment IV explains how to lay out quislingism Policies. persona V presents the LEICAs architecture, expand how to integrate applications in practice. many proceeding issues are considered in section VI. separate septenary unwraps a case study illustrating the use of LEICA. Finally, in section 8 we draw about conclusions and presents directions of future day work. colligate imprintThere are several plant oriented to upward(a) desegregation flexibility of collaborative environments. In this condition of use, quadruplet main bunch outes evict be place user-tailorable solutions CSCW toolkits middleware base solutions and platforms for integrating of multiform collaborative systems.User-Tailorable SolutionsAs stated in 2, various definitions of tailorability earth-clo clan be found in the literature. nearly of them digest on user tailorability (3, 4, 5 6) specify that a tailorable application heap be suitable and change by its own users in point to make full their una same requirements. In CSCW, tailorability must emphasis on the requirements of the group task and of the organization, in which the CSCW system is utilize 5. Actually, tailorability is one of the main concerns of groupware cultivation methods. For example, application of participatory design methods (7 8) has been proposed in secernate to approach th e user meshing during groupware emergence, augmenting thus the opportunities for tailoring.According to 6, tailoring target be retain in three incompatible levels customization, selecting among a implant of preoutlined flesh options integrating, linking together preoutlined components in spite of appearance or amongst applications file name address, improving the implementation by adding clean program code. roughly of user-tailorable groupware tools curb that the customization or consolidation level (e.g. 2 9). telephone circuit that the integrating level supposes that the functionality to be incorporated has been pre-developed and is open any(prenominal)place 6. hardly at the annexe level users would be able to integrate new functionalities, even if they declare not been pass judgment by developers at design time.A method frequently employ for fight tailoring at the extension level is the component-establish tailoring. For example, in 10, components are implemented victimization Flexibeans (an extension of the Java Beans model) and end-users tailor the system apply a composition language. In 11, end-users may tag on components into larger compound components utilise the visual delegation sort of than writing lines of code. However, even at the extension level the integrating flexibility is fond(p) as the consolidation of living collaborative systems or groupware would require them to be re knowing tally to the system architecture.CSCW ToolkitsCSCW toolkits ease the implementation of CSCW systems by providing reusable components and behaviors designed to be applicable in a range of batch 12. The need for flexibility and tailorability in CSCW toolkits is well acknowledged.The arishth Platform 13 offers a generic (application-neutral) evolvable good example upon which socially and culturally aware applications are developed. flexibleness and extensibility in nim tree result from its foundation on a core architectu ral coordination model 13 decoupled components interact indirectly through gist exchanges. intermezzo 14 is a collaboration confine environment seconding(a) the coordination learning sharing, crack unsound interactions, user awareness, session pore and policy control. It addresses dynamic flexibility 12 by allowing applications to adapt not just their own behavior, but overly the behavior of the toolkit in reacting to the changing dynamics of the world they run into.The Groupware Toolkit/ divided out vocabulary (or GT/SD) toolkit 1516 has been developed to support rapid study of groupware, focusing in the main on networking and data sharing aspects. GT/SDs extensibility is found on its modular design, which allows adding or modifying behavior by permutation or wrapping diverse components.Toolkits may correct an fire solution for component the development of CSCW systems, as they conjure up the use of components. further in cosmopolitan, CSCW toolkits offer a limited correct of functionalities or they are target for some particularized mental of domain. Besides, to utilise components of the toolkit, developers practically need to implement very particular(prenominal) expound of the toolkit in assemble to adapt it to the application needs 1617.Middleware found solutionsThe desegregation of heterogeneous applications has been a widely investigated subject, publicly in distributed systems area. oecumenic integration solutions found on middleware, like CCM (CORBA share lesson), .NET and effort JavaBeans admit been developed. Moreover, integration solutions associated with ad hoc domains wealthy person similarly been proposed, such as try Application consolidation systems 1718. The emergence of wind vane services WS has alike led to the development of command solutions for integration of distributed applications, receivable mainly to the use of open standards.In the CSCW domain, some middleware- found solutions sh ake been proposed. Dustdar et al. 1819 address the immenseness of using electronic network services WS in graze to provide collaborative application interoperability. scarcely in social club of magnitude to be corporate, collaborative applications must originally support weave servicesWS. even so if electronic network servicesWS represent an emerging software product trend, solitary(prenominal) a limited round of collaborative applications are soon living these technologies.As an sweetener to handed-down middleware, some SOA (Service orient Architecture) solutions restrain excessively been proposed. For example, WGWSOA 1920 uses mesh ServicesWS as an penetration port wine in companionship to support the reuse and the interoperability of diverse collaborative services. entirely an serious drawback of WGWSOA is that collaborative services must be developed succeeding(a) the several(prenominal) middleware architecture.It is besides serious to note that lik e WGWSOA, approximately middleware ground solutions present proficient responses to the so called syntactic interoperability 2021. They provide mechanisms allowing applications to communicate and interact through discipline exchange. just now if check to 2122, the integration concept goes beyond the scuttle of sharing and exchanging specific education. Applications must barrack upon the gist (or the semantics) of these exchanges. In other words, integration solutions should provide means for formation integration semantics. Thus, interoperability raft be seen as a requirement for integration.The EcoSpace objectify 2223 proposes an environment that, besides cosmos found on SOA and clear servicesWS, relies on semantic sack technologies (WSDL-S with services ontologies) to support semantic description of collaborative services. Besides a semantic description of each service, it would be incumbent a semantic description of the composition of services so as to coordina te their orchestration. However, this part of the project ashes as design aspect. Moreover, using network serviceWSs as integration technology may stand for some performance loss, in particular associated to the use of SOAP (Simple aim retrieve Protocol) 2324.Luo et al. 2425 fill that entanglement ServicesWS should be sole(prenominal) utilize in situations which are real heterogeneous. They propose a service-oriented solution for the integration of collaborative applications that, or else of using SOAP, adopts a unified service bus (implemented through an open source first look Service Bus).Platforms for integrating heterogeneous collaborative systemsThe latter latest approach to improve the integration flexibility of collaborative environments is to crap platforms aiming specifically at the integration of collaborative applications. They focus on the integration of collaborative functionalities provided by these applications while seek to define any semantics buns i ntegration.Iqbal et al. 2526 propose an collective model ground on the three-level model presented by 2627 the ontological illustration specifies shared objects, their relations and taxonomies the Coordination Model specifies how interactions take place during system action and the User embrasure Model specifies how the system is presented to the final user. desegregation process consists first in identifying, for each collaborative application, the elements associated with these three models. Then, on each level the elements from polar applications are sort and merged when equivalent. As a result, common ontological, coordination and user embrasure models are generated. In spite of enabling a multi-level integration, this approach requires an intragroup knowledge of the collaborative applications so that their functionalities faecal matter be mapped into the three-level model. Accordingly, the integration of third party applications becomes a difficult task.In diame tricaliate to subjugate considering application internals during the integration process (facilitating the integration of existing applications), some integration solutions propose the so called loosely-coupled approach. This approach presents two main features (i) once co-ordinated to the environment, collaborative applications preserve their autonomy, i.e., they send packing passive be use as standalone application (ii) the integration environment frame independent of coordinated applications, and fit inly, applications dissolve be integrate and gratuitous from the environment without flexile its behavior. This last feature is oddly important considering the integration flexibility aspect. In fact, in a loosely-coupled environment, the garnish of co-ordinated applications must be intimately modify fit to users needs.Systems like knowledge base 2728 and NESSIE 2829 progress to proposed a loosely-coupled integration for supporting cross-application awareness. bot h(prenominal) systems represent a collaborative environment where independent applications potentiometer share a common information space, implemented through an event notification system. Users deal receive notifications of natural action pertinent events from contrary applications (executed by other users). An important aspect of these systems is the use of open lucre technologies (such as HTTP and CGI) to change the integration of third party collaborative applications. However, the main drawback of both systems is that the integration semantics is statically delimit collaborative applications are inter committed so as to offer a common awareness of the exclusively collaboration action. some other proposal also found on a loosely-coupled approach is the framework XGSP 2930. XGSP proposes the integration of audio and videoconferencing tools based on SIP and H.323 standards, as well as the integration of admission price power system applications 3031. In this framewo rk, XGSP bus servers are in centering of unconditional collaborative sessions. A diametrical gateway is defined for each application theatrical role (i.e. SIP, H.323 and plan of attack Grid applications). development a signal protocol based on weather vane servicesWS, these gateways are employ to in- surrounded by the communication between applications and XGSP servers. An important harm of XGSP is the fact that, originally, it only allows the integration of application based on SIP, H.323 and access code Grid.Loosely-coupling is also inbred to the blade servicesWS based solutions presented in the previous section. likewise to those solutions, LEICA represents an integration environment that proposes a loosely-coupled approach based on entanglement servicesWS technologies.Regarding the performance implications of SOAP, Alonso et al. 3132 suggest that meshwork ServicesWS technologies should be utilize only to implement coarse-gained interactions, where the contact of the overhead associated to SOAP would be less important. pursuit the recommendations of 3132, tissue servicesWS are employed by LEICA for chondritic operations only. As it provide be enlarge in the next sections, LEICA defines a loanblend architecture where blade ServicesWS are apply as an initial mechanism for registering impudently integrate applications, as well as for scenery and get-go up collaborative sessions. Then, during the achievement of merged collaborative sessions a variant base of operations is utilize to unite collaborative applications. other important aspect concerns integration semantics. impertinent the previous solutions, LEICA provides users with the opening move to define the coveted integration semantics for each collaborative session.The desegregation Environment LEICALEICA aims at the integration of polar collaborative applications, where integration semantics is to be defined according to user requirements. in advance explain ing the everyday integration approach and the behavior of LEICA, a mathematical scenario is presented to expose illustrate the advantages of such integration.integration ScenarioAn important domain where collaborative environments do been for the most part employ is e-Learning. In particular, a CVE (Collaborative virtual(prenominal) Environment) move be employ to implement a 3D shared world representing a school give divided into one overhear hall, classrooms, and teachers rooms. dissimilar collaborative applications could be associated to each room (i) a see room associated to the grip hall (ii) a collaborative web browsing (it would alter teachers to turn tail students through welt notes) and an audio conference tool associated to the classrooms and (iii) a shared whiteboard associated to each of the teachers room.Un paragraphe stream montrer la situation employ des outils non integres, et lintgration avec LEICA.With this integration semantics, whenever an inca rnation enters into a room, the respective(prenominal) user is automatically connected to the associated collaborative application(s). Besides, only current users should enter into private rooms (e.g. the teachers rooms with its whiteboard could be circumscribe to teachers). other workable behavior stipulate by this integration semantics is some chassis of foot coupling between the two applications utilize as a support for virtual class sessions. This way, it would be possible to assure that the user attribute the weather vane browsing story (i.e. the one directive the bait notes browsing) is the only one to receive the right to articulate to the class attendees. habitual consolidation approachingAs antecedently mentioned, and illustrated in Fig. 1, LEICA follows a hybrid architecture where weave ServicesWS are utilize at the collaborative sessions start up, and an event notification system allows collaborative applications to interact through the exchange of event notifications. 2 other basic components of LEICA are the Wrappers and the Session anatomy Service (SCS).The integration of a collaborative application to LEICA is achieved by attaching a Wrapper to it. threesome main cases may be considered a) open source applications, b) API-based applications, and c) applications without any lendable API. Integration of open source applications cornerstone achieve the tightest interaction degree, since any internal event/action stooge be exported/performed it aptitude however imply great development efforts. API-based integration is straightforward, and interaction is limited to the provided API. Applications without API are the most limitating ones, confine to interact only through application start and pulley-block actions.LEICAs integration approach is mainly drive by case (b), believe that developers are certainly fire in creating specific and performable collaboration tools that basin be employ either stand-alone or co-ordinate d with other applications (through a flexible API, creation able to get a great share of the market). This is for instance the case of Skype, a successful example of communication tool that has released its API since some time ago.Fig. 2 summarizes LEICAs popular integration framework. The first step of the LEICAs integration framework is the Collaborative Application Integration. For instance, in the exemplifying scenario presented in III.A, the first step to integrate the CVE with the exacting messenger (supporting the chat room associated to the entrance hall), the collaborative clear browser and the audio conference applications, it is necessary to create a Wrapper for each one of these applications. As expand in scratch V, these wrappers shadower be automatically generated by LEICAs API Factory, based on the API description of each collaborative application. The Wrappers comprise a electronic network services Services WS larboard allowing the collaborative application to register itself with LEICA. As illustrated by Fig. 1, through the Wrappers meshwork servicesWS ports, the corporate application dissolve interact with the Session build Service (SCS).The SCS is a Web service Service WS employ for (i) configuring new world(a) SuperSessions and (ii) commencement up SuperSessions. A SuperSession is an co-ordinated collaborative session holding the in all collaboration activity. inwardly the background of a world-wide SuperSession, antithetical specificSessions push aside exist. A specificSession is a effected collaborative session defined inwardly the context of a collaborative application (e.g. a videoconference session, a whiteboard session, etc.).The SCS dynamically contacts each integrate application, during the SuperSession strain process, in distinguish to request (i) which specific data is essential to create specificSessions for this respective application (e.g. a videoconference tool could require an IP multicast address ) and (ii) which kind of events it nooky notify, and action requests it can handle. The interaction degree among the incorporated applications depends fundamentally on the spirit of the events they are able to exchange, and actions they are able to perform.In collection to create a SuperSession, a user must define its integration semantics. It is accomplished by configuring the quislingism Policy. A coaction Policy is a tick off of rules under a condition/action model. These rules define how collaborative applications must react when receiving information (events) notified by other structured applications. In other words, the condition of collaboration Policies allows defining specific integration semantics (i.e. how to coordinate integrated applications) to each SuperSession, according to the different users requirements. formerly a SuperSessions has been created (and its associated phase file is generated), it can in conclusion be started up. The SCS firstly contacts ea ch integrated collaborative application requesting them to create the specificSessions defined in the SuperSession. Then, during the execution of collaborative sessions the integrated application can interact through the exchange of event using the particular tattle System. According to predefined quislingism Policies, these notifications may lead specific actions to be performed.Wrappers are in saddle of managing the SuperSessions quislingism Policy. When the Wrapper of a collaborative application receives event notifications, it verifies if the notified events enable any policy rule concerning this collaborative application. If so, the Wrapper sends action requests to the respective application. stemma that LEICA is not think to support low physical events (e.g. creep dawn/scrolling) or graduate(prenominal) frequency synchronisation events (e.g. current position of mournful objects). It aims at supporting activity germane(predicate) events that carry some semantics.S uperSession idealAs antecedently mentioned, LEICA controls the whole collaboration activity inside the context of a world(a) SuperSession. A SuperSession model has been defined in order to merely identify and decipher its components. found on this model, LEICA maintains elliptical and pellucid SuperSession state information. Furthermore, a readable taxonomy of the components and their attributes are also implied from the model. ecumenical models for describing collaborative applications have already been proposed in the literature. round of them 2627 3233 represent a abstract or ontological model describing the entities and relationships of individual CSCW systems. a few(prenominal) models aim at describing integrated CSCW systems, like OOActSM 3334 and the conceptual model presented in 3435. However, these models are based on the mental picture of a world-wide activity as the central abstraction, which was considered sooner abstract for a diminutive precondition of t he SuperSession. Nevertheless, these models have divine several concepts adoptive in the defined SuperSession model.The SuperSession represents a collaboration activity involving different integrated applications, a group of users and full everyday roles associated to these users.Formally, a CIE Session CS is a tupleSS = (SSid, CA , NA , Rl , U , SSat)whereSSid is a unequalled identifierCA = CAi i 1,I is a bounded come in of collaborative applications where CAi = (CAidi, spSi, CAati) a specific collaborative application track a set of specificSessions (sSi). CAati is a tip of attributes characterizing the collaborative application. These attributes provide information about the application description, including name, font, whether it is a role-based application, its scattering architecture (client/server, multi-servers, peer-to-peer) and the type of user applications (stand-alone or webWeb-based).)NA is a mortal set of non-collaborative applications (data converters, databases, web applications, etc.)Rl = Rlk k 1,K is a exhaustible set of general roles. The concept of general role refers to a group of users owning the akin set of responsibilities and privileges inside LEICARlk = (Rlidk , Rlatk). Rlidk is a unique role identifier and Rlatk is a hark of attributes characterizing this general role. This harken provides flesh out like roles description, social station and administration rights. Regarding the rank, it defines how the role is associated with users it may be either (i) a static acquaintance (there is a rank and file be given), (ii) an automatic connecter (there is a predicate function based on users parameters and SuperSession state) or (iii) a users plectrum (password protected or not).)U = Ul l 1,L is a bounded set of connected usersUl = (Uidl, URlidl, Mbl, Uatl) represent a user, where Uidl is a unique identifier URlidl is one general role associated with the user Mbl is a finite set of membership relations Uatl is a list of attributes (name, email, IP address, network connection, device type, etc.)Mbl.n = (mCAidl.n , mSidl.n , msRlidl.n) is a membership relation, where mCAidl.n is an application identifier mSidl.n is a specificSession identifier msRlidl.n is a finite set of specific roles identifiers. Thus, each membership relation indicates the company of a connected user to a specificSession of a collaborative application (once connected to the SuperSession, a user can at the same time take part in none, one or more specificSessions of different collaborative applications)SSat is a list of attributes characterizing the SuperSession. These attributes draw information like session context (name, purpose, etc.), scheduling (if plan or not, duration, etc.), approachability type (open or closed), role association type (how users are associated to a general role) and maximal number of connected users.A specificSession regards a conventional collaborative session of a collaborative applicat ion. The role of the specificSession entity (spSi.m), wich is formally stand for by the tuplespSi.m = (Sidi.m, sRli.m, pUidi.m, Rsi.m, spSati.m)is not to precisely describe each aspect of a collaborative task. Instead, it captures relevant elements like the specific roles defined for this session (sRli.m), the users combat-ready to this session (pUidi.m.) and the shared mental imagerys accessed by these users (Rsi.m).A specific role is a tuple, sRli.m.o = (sRlidi.m.o, sRlati.m.o), where sRlidi.m.o is a specific role identifier and sRlati.m.o is a list of attributes characterizing the specific role (description and utmost number of simultaneous users).A choice is also a tuple Rsi.m.p= (urli.m.p, Rsati.m.p ), where urli.m.p is a resource locator and Rsati.m.p is a list of attributes characterizing the resource. The purpose of the resource element is entirely to allow the implementation of an inter-application access control mechanism. LEICA pass on not need to keep the state o f each resource. Thus, resources attributes just describe its type (file, device, virtual object, interface widget, etc.) and the read/ economise access type (exclusive or concurrent).SuperSession contourIn order to create a SuperSession, a two step compliance process is carried out (i) Session anxiety manikin and (ii) collaboration Policy configuration.In the first configuration step, two groups of information should be condition command Session direction information (GSMinfo) It carries concern information such as scheduling, membership and general user roles. coordinated Applications information (IAinfo) It defines the list of integrated applications to be used during this SuperSession for each collaborative application, a list of specificSessions is defined, where specific data compulsory by this application for creating sessions is provided (e.g. a videoconference application will be provided with an IP multicast address). one time Session prudence configuration is co mpleted, the collaborationism Polic